Wednesday, April 22, 2020
The Mise
The Mise-en-Scene and Camerawork Essay Analyse the Effects Created for the Spectator by the Mise-en-Scene and Camerawork in the Sequence Lynns Bedroom LA Confidential, directed by Curtis Hanson and co-produced by Brian Helgeland, is a neo-noir film looking at corruption and propaganda influenced by the press (Hush Hush magazine) certain aspects of the police force and the high society influence of Mickey Cohen on the Sunset Strip. It only portrays certain elements of Film Noir and in quite a modern fashion when it does. There is not much smoking in LA Confidential as perhaps there is in most Film Noir, however we manage to pick up some elements of disillusionment and paranoia. The femme fatale in this film does not follow the usual rules of a traditional femme fatale although could well be led to believe that she does, towards the beginning. Lynn Bracken first introduced wearing a black cloak with a white trim around the hood surrounding her face. First impressions suggest that she could be our femme fatale, as black is a colour of corruption and mystery. We will write a custom essay on The Mise-en-Scene and Camerawork specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We also come across her abode a large studio-type room, white and stylised. It mimics the background that we would see in a celebrity photo shoot. The bed we see is in the sitting room, which seems to us a strange place for it to be. It is raised up and on a hard, black, wooden stage-like block. The covers are satin and very elegant suggesting an almost fake atmosphere and creating a place where nobody could really be themselves. There are plants in the background, but they are green and spiky and have no flowers. This suggests even more of a fake atmosphere and insincerity in the room. The rest of this sequence and the mise-en-scene involved portrays no particular feeling of comfort. It is made to look and feel staged as everything from camerawork and lighting, to the props on the set convey a cold, uncomfortable and un-homely image and everything is made very ornate and fragile. It is almost like the movie star Lynn Bracken is impersonating. In the second venture to Lynns house we see her letting a customer go followed by half-heartedly tidying up her studio-type room. This is only the second time we have seen it and the first time it was shown, was giving us a general background on her teaching us that she is a Veronica Lake look-a-like prostitute. There is a knock on the door and she goes to open it. We see her reaction shot for a while before the camera cuts to who she is looking at and we realise it is Bud White. We then move onto the next part if the scene, straight into her bedroom. This is where the mise-en-scene comes into action and we learn more about Lynn as a person. Lynn opens the door to the room and straight away we see a soft, orange, romantic and homely light making the room warm and inviting and slow, soft and gentle music begins to play allowing us to feel the romanticism of this intimate scene. She stands back and allows him to walk ahead and take in his surroundings, this implying that she is not working now. She looks almost childlike as she stands just beyond the door, and as Bud walk ahead the image is created of her letting him take control and we can see that he portrays a father-type figure. The camera cuts to a new angle now showing us the bedroom, which Bud has been invited into. Our first impressions are that it is a small room like someone actually lives there and is not just for show. We see pictures in frames of flowers on the wall, showing a girlie and very normal side to Lynn. It also tells us something about her likes and dislikes. These pictures contrast to the photos of Veronica Lake in her other bedroom. The bed is typically American with the real white iron bedposts, maybe not the most tasteful, however it allows us to see her homely and warm side. .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 , .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .postImageUrl , .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 , .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:hover , .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:visited , .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:active { border:0!important; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:active , .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1 .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub41c6b684183567c0a27a3a42805b3a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marion Isaac McClinton: listening for the music EssayWe can see net curtains, this suggesting lightness and letting small rays of light into her bedroom, this relating to Bud. There is a lamp stood on a nice wooden bedside table. The camera cuts to a close up point-of-view panning shot. First of all on the table where we can closely see little mis-matching desert plants on a tray, telling us maybe something about her and her background or where shes from. This is all alongside some cooking books and a wooden carved lamp, with a rather homely doily placed neatly underneath it. Suggesting maybe her grandmother had made it, all adding further to the homeliness and comfort of her room. The camera pans further across to the bed where there are cotton sheets, unlike the moviestar satin sheets in Lynns studio, these cotton sheets absorb and soak in the atmosphere surrounding this room rather that harshly reflecting it back as do the satin cushions in the studio. This keeps reinforcing the idea of how normal she is. We see a homemade cushion on the bed, this telling us as an audience and to Bud, that she is an ordinary country girl from Arizona as this is what is hand embroidered on the cushion. This is important for us to know, as we can now presume that the Lynn Bracken, who lives in this bedroom, is completely different from the Veronica Lake look-a-like that we have previously met. In the background to this we can see the floral patterned cushions in pinks and yellows. These are very warm and homely colours, thus suggesting to us that this I s a very warm and homely place denied of all corruption that would take place in Lynns Veronica Lake room. Lynn goes to sit down on the bed and lowers her head as if she is ashamed, now that she has shown Bud her real self. Bud comforts her by kissing her forehead and embracing her, which, is very father and child-like behaviour, relating back to earlier when she first let him into her room. This subsequently reverses her usual behaviour in these situations as usually she would be the person in charge, however when we see her letting Bud take control, it just reminds us even more of the contrast between her work personality and her real personality. As they kiss and she lays back on the bed, the bars of the now come between us as the viewer and them implying that we are now being intrusive and this is too personal and intimate for us to see. We now begin to realise that Bud and Lynn are two damaged souls and have found each other in this intimate and gentle moment. This scene is made meaningful by its strong contrast to the show-Veronica Lake-room. In conclusion we can see that through mise-en-scene Lynn Brackens two very different sides and lives can be shown. It is all simply illustrated in props and scenery specially allocated to help the audience conjure up their own important perspectives. Thus making the rest of the film more meaningful in itself and allowing the audience to understand it better.
Thursday, April 16, 2020
How Do You Solve a Colonial History Question?
How Do You Solve a Colonial History Question?Sample essay questions to solve colonial history. How do you solve a colonial history question? There are many good reasons for doing a colonial history essay, but I think the main one is because it gives students a good reason to learn about the history of America. The vast majority of people don't learn about colonial history in schools; most just don't know anything about the early years.So how do you solve a colonial history? One way is to give them an assignment of their own to complete on the topic - although that can be very boring, it can also be more interesting than just reading an essay!The second way is to just take a practice essay and then look at some sample essays to see how well they answer the problem. Most of these samples come from large exam boards; that's not too surprising. They've got the best, most up-to-date versions of all their sample essays, so they're perfect if you want to do a lot of practice and learn how t o solve colonial history questions.Write your essay first. Write an essay that answers the question 'How do you solve a colonial history?' Then answer it as best you can, both in terms of words and in the style of the sample essay.When you are writing the sample essay, take care to make sure that the sample essay describes the questions exactly. That way you know exactly what the questions are. It's quite easy to wander into the same kind of problem as the exam board - use the questions as a guide for how you should phrase your essay, but don't try to match them exactly.You can also use these sample essays as a way to learn about colonial history and American history. Just read one (or two or three!) and ask yourself if there's something about it that you can see applying to modern times.Or you could just rewrite the essay question to apply to your own experience. Try different things, add new information, change it to fit your life. This will keep you motivated to put in more effor t and to read more of the sample essays. Eventually you'll become very good at re-writing these essay questions.Remember to practice using your imagination, to use the examples of colonial history that you find in other sources. These examples can be very useful when you do your own research, because you'll be able to relate them to your own situation. And you'll be reading colonial history essays, too.
Monday, March 16, 2020
Russian WWII Offensive Of 1941 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers
Russian WWII Offensive Of 1941 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Russian WWII Offensive of 1941 It was devastatingly cold in the Russian winter of 1941, during the peak of the German offensive against Moscow. Just as it had Napoleon's armies in the century before, the Russian winter conditions had stopped the advance on Moscow. Hitler had not planned on a winter war, and thus had not properly equipped his troop frostbite, and thousands of them died of exposure. Indeed, it was this biting winter which had provided the Russians with an opportunity to gather themselves, and prepare for one of the most heroic counter-offensives of World War II - known to the Russian people as "The Great Patriotic War." It would be wrong to attribute the German failure at this time solely to the harsh winter; the main failure was that of misjudgment and mistiming. The offensive had been launched too late in the year, at a season where the weather was due to break up. The Germans had underestimated the effects of the harsh weather and terrain on their motorized units, and had poorly rationed their resources - too much had been asked of the German troops, and strengths had been allowed to drop too low. Despite a few more victories by German forces in November and December, they would never again subeztially advance into the areas surrounding Moscow. On October 28th, the German 3 Panzer group, under the command of Field-Marshal Von Kluge, had again tried to penetrate into the northern area of Kalinin, and failed. Hitler called in 9 Army to join the 3 Panzer, and moved them towards the northeast area above Moscow. Russian resiezce had been uneven, but in the front of Tula and on the Nara, where new formations were arriving, it had been the most determined and tough. The Red Army had fallen back to within forty miles of Moscow, but was sustained by massive Muscovite power, a continuing flow of troops to the front line. During the months of October and November, nine new Russian armies had been trained, and were being deployed throughout the fronts. Two complete armies and parts of another three were to reach the Moscow area towards the end of November. Many of the divisions in these armies were raised from newly inducted recruits, but some were well trained and equipped and had been withdrawn from the military districts in Central Russia, and Siberia. In October and early November, a few German battalions still fighting had brought all Red Army motor vehicles (except tanks) to a stop, and the Russian Quarter-master-General Khrulev, was forced to switch his troops to horses and carts. He was criticized by both his own troops and Stalin, but was granted permission to form 76 horse transport battalions. The problems caused by the transport shortage and weather were recognized by the Soviet High Command, and fuel refills were sent to the front lines. Defenses were restored and thickened up, and Moscow awaited the second stage of the German offensive, which is described in detail in the German Offensive section of this report. By November however, German casualties had reached 145,000 troops. The German position in the South, between Tula and Voronezh was both confusing and disquieting, as on October 26, German 2 Panzer leader Guderian had suddenly been attacked by the renewed Russian forces on the east flank, and was fighting to hold his ground. The 2 Panzer had been meant to surround Moscow, but was so weak in armor, and with the addition of several infantry corps, its mobile strength was greatly decreased. As the German drive against Moscow slackened, the Soviet commander on the Moscow front, General Georgy Koneztinovich Zhukov, on December 6 inaugurated the first great counteroffensive with strokes against Bock's right in the Elets (Yelets) and Tula sectors south of Moscow and against his center in the Klin and Kalinin sectors to the northwest. Levies of Siberian troops, who were extremely effective fighters in cold weather, were used for these offensives. There followed a blow at the German left, in the Velikie Luki sector; and the counteroffensive, which was sustained throughout the winter of 1941-42, soon took the form of a triple convergence toward Smolensk. Before the end of the year
Saturday, February 29, 2020
40 Connection between Writing and Sleeping
40 Connection between Writing and Sleeping Various people were told it is best to express your feelings and thoughts on paper. Bottling up your emotions and keeping them inside, could cause major stress on your body. Thatââ¬â¢s where the subject of diaries and journals come in to position. They are made to help others who canââ¬â¢t express their feelings verbally, express their feelings by writing them down. Writing however, does have a significant connection to sleep. Writing can affect how we sleep in multiple ways. ââ¬Å"Forty percent of American adults say they have difficulty falling asleep at least a few times each month. The most common reason is an inability to stop thinking aboutwhatever it is you canââ¬â¢t stop thinking about.â⬠(Denworth, 2018). Almost everyone has had trouble falling asleep either because they were worried about something or someone, or they constantly canââ¬â¢t stop thinking about a situation. Studies shows that if we write down our thoughts before we go to bed, then youââ¬â¢ll be able to fall asleep faster at night. ââ¬Å"Thereââ¬â¢s something about the act of writing, physically writing something on paper, that tends to offload it a little bit, or help us hit the pause button on it. The outcome seems to be [that] you decrease cognitive arousal, and you decrease rumination and worryâ⬠(Denworth, 2018). Cognitive arousal comes from a theory that was created by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer. This theory is known to the cause of misinterpret thoughts because it is based off two factors: cognitive label and physiological arousal. To sum this up, writing your feelings down before bed, will help you fall asleep faster but it will also decrease the chance of misinterpreting your thoughts. Not only does writing before bed helps you fall asleep quicker but writing a to-do list versus a completed list, will also affect how you sleep. ââ¬Å"If you test peopleââ¬â¢s memory for things that were unfinished versus things that were completed, people remember the things that were unfinished a lot better. It seems that unfinished tasks rest at what we call a heightened level of cognitive activationâ⬠(Denworth, 2018). Cognitive activation is the idea of stress. It is about learning new ways to solve problems and focusing on the steps that was taken to solve the problem. Not so much of focusing on the answer itself but the action. When something is not done, our mind tends to drift off towards that because we consistently think about ways we can complete that project. We think of events that will happen the next day that will affect how the project gets done. From personal experience, I can recall a time where I had a major mid term project due. Of course, I was a procrastinator, so I waited till the day before it was due to fully complete it. It was late in the night and I told myself that I was going to finish it in the morning. Moral of the story, I was up all night and I didnââ¬â¢t get any sleep because I was thinking about this unfinished project that I still had to complete. The next day I was drowsy, and I didnââ¬â¢t feel very well. I did finish my project but because of my lack of sleep, my presentation did not reflect my best work. Thinking back, some ways I couldââ¬â¢ve took to avoid this situation would include; not waiting until the last minute to finish or taking a few minutes before bed to write down exactly what I needed to do in order to complete it. Based on the reason of not having that completed or written down, I lost a very much effective sleep and major points on an important assignment. Donââ¬â¢t be like me. Write your thoughts down. Researchers and readers still have unanswered questions pertaining to writing and the affects of sleep. The two main questions Denworth is being asked are, did to-do lists improve sleep in other ways? If so, do you think the effect can be sustained? Her response was ââ¬Å"We havenââ¬â¢t tested that. It could be, yes, because each night youââ¬â¢ve got this big to-do list. But [itââ¬â¢s also true that] the to-do list fluctuates, and how much you accomplish during the day also feeds into that. So maybe itââ¬â¢s going to be most effective on the nights when you have a whole lot of stuff to do, and itââ¬â¢s more likely to be eating at you if you donââ¬â¢t write things downâ⬠(Denworth, 2018). During this study, I believed she used an experiment for only one night. The goal of this study is more so understanding because we are having the ability to understand the connection between writing and sleep. You write down your dayââ¬â¢s thoughts, you get a longer sleep. Structuralism is an idea founded by Wilhelm Wundt and his ideas was focused more on the structure of mental life into the building blocks of life (personal experiences). This study corresponds more with structuralism because the connection between writing and sleep is reflecting off your pass experiences and analyzing them into your mental life, to determine the amount of sleep your will get. In this experiment, the dependent variable is the amount of time it takes for that individual to fall asleep. The independent variable is taking five minutes before bed to write down your thoughts, feelings, or your to-do list. In conclusion, taking a little time before bed to reflect on your day is very effective. It will determine how your body act towards sleep. Remember our body need as much energy as it can get, so we should treat it with care. Even the littlest thing, can affect how much sleep we can receive. Our brains are always working, so it is highly recommended that we clear our mind while we are sleeping to get that full stock of energy for the next day. One way to achieve that is to write.
Thursday, February 13, 2020
Breaking the Glass Ceiling in Corporate America Research Paper
Breaking the Glass Ceiling in Corporate America - Research Paper Example Also, in Fortune 500 companies only 15 women are present in leadership positions. Black CEOs are even fewer in number, while Hispanics and Blacks constitute 5 to 10% of a renowned law firmââ¬â¢s associates of first year. They also account for only 2% of such firms as partners (Gilgoff 2009). A lot of employers are working to alter these statistics. They are working together with retirement specialists of minority groups who offer help in improving minority professionals to hold leadership positions. Also, prominent business schools are doing the same by including more minorities in leadership positions. A lot more employers in the private and public sectors are coming up with internal strategies to get minorities into senior positions. Within four years, the number of companies that apply to be in the annual magazine, Diversity Inc. ââ¬ËTop 50 Companies for Diversityââ¬â¢ column has tripled to over 400. This magazine requires that the minority groups are represented; in orde r, for a company to be considered in the rankings. Also, a lot of companies have come to the realization that minority representation is necessary for any profit making organization. This means that companies working to narrow the gap of minority leaders are not doing so as an act of social justice; rather, they want to improve their rankings (Gilgoff, 2009). It is a challenge to any company to try and maintain a workforce that is diverse. A report compiled recently by the Korn/Ferry International recruiting firm established that U.S. companies are losing $64 billion annually by replacing employees that they lose due to diversity management failing. Also, shortage of leaders in minority groups is presenting... A lot of employers are working to alter these statistics. They are working together with retirement specialists of minority groups who offer help in improving minority professionals to hold leadership positions. Also, prominent business schools are doing the same by including more minorities in leadership positions.à A lot more employers in the private and public sectors are coming up with internal strategies to get minorities into senior positions.à Within four years, the number of companies that apply to be in the annual magazine, Diversity Inc. ââ¬ËTop 50 Companies for Diversityââ¬â¢ column has tripled to over 400. This magazine requires that the minority groups are represented; in order, for a company to be considered in the rankings. Also, a lot of companies have come to the realization that minority representation is necessary for any profit making organization. This means that companies working to narrow the gap of minority leaders are not doing so as an act of soc ial justice; rather, they want to improve their rankings (Gilgoff, 2009).It is a challenge to any company to try and maintain a workforce that is diverse. A report compiled recently by the Korn/Ferry International recruiting firm established that U.S. companies are losing $64 billion annually by replacing employees that they lose due to diversity management failing. Also, shortage of leaders in minority groups is presenting great challenges. Minority employees are against working in companies that top jobs seen to be off limits (Gilgoff, 2009).
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Case Study (Skill Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Case Study (Skill Analysis) - Essay Example Sophie Smith is a 44-year-old female who is two days post-operative, following an appendectomy. Sophie works as a real estate agent, weighs 46kgs and 168cm tall. Sophie has a story of rheumatoid arthritis and takes 10mg of prednisone daily and also has an allergy to penicillin. While changing her dressing you notice a thick yellow discharge oozing from the wound. Wound management following an appendectomy is essential for the complete recovery of Sophie. A comprehensive assessment of the present state of the wound is necessary as well as the stage of healing. Thus, it is important to obtain information from the client about factors that may affect wound healing. Consent is necessary so that nursing procedures can be carried out and prioritized according to the patientââ¬â¢s needs. The nurseââ¬â¢s role in wound management is critical not only to wound management but to maintenance of aseptic technique while doing nursing care. Identify and discuss the importance of obtaining inf ormation during a nursing admission in relation to post-operative assessment.The process of obtaining and communicating information during a nursing admission also refers to the nursing assessment and these can be obtained from the client, significant others, health team members, and clientââ¬â¢s medical records (Funnell, Koutoukidis& Lawrence, 2009, p. 229). Obtaining information during a nursing admission is important in identifying areas needing nursing interventions. Obtained information may either be subjective or objective and includes nursing history, physical examination and observation, and laboratory and diagnostic tests. Applying Sophieââ¬â¢s case, obtaining information during a nursing admission requires explanation of the purpose and rationale for gathering information. Sophie must also be put in a quiet and private place for ease of patient during personal information gathering. Information such as medical diagnosis, previous admission to the hospital, clientâ⠬â¢s perception of condition, allergies, social data, activities of daily living, habits, and use of prosthesis are necessary because obtaining these information during a nursing admission will adjust the plan of care related to post-operative treatment. For instance, Sophie has a history of rheumatoid arthritis, takes 10mg of prednisone daily and has allergy to penicillin.These information has relevance to post-operative treatment as rheumatoid arthritis impairs healing, can cause deformities, and increase pressure on the soft tissues leading to increased risk of skin breakdown. Prednisone is a corticosteroid which also delayed healing by interrupting cellular division (Guo and DiPietro, 2010, p. 219). Sophie has allergy to penicillin and its significance include not giving Sophie penicillin to avoid allergic reactions and tests other antibiotics that will not produce allergic response because antibiotics are essential for wound healing and combatting infection. Identify and discu ss the nurse's role in consent procedures for patients undergoing a procedure involving general anesthesia.Surgical and invasive procedures involving administration of general anesthesia requires written consent. Nurses play a major role during consent procedures. Nurses provide the needed information of the individual and make sure that it is well-understood prior to administration of
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Mendels Peas and Hawkweeds :: Heredity Genes Mendel Research Essays
Mendel's Peas and Hawkweeds Works Cited Missing Many Scientists have contributed to the field of genetics. Yet the groundwork for today's modern genetics can be found in the work done by one man, Gregor Mendel. While there were many scientists who tried to answer the same questions before him, none were able to come to the successful conclusions he did. Before Mendel's experiments, many other theories had been in place to answer the questions about why we look like our parents. Many of these beliefs were myths, and the true reasons behind heredity were not sought, because creation was the belief of the majority of people. Some of these beliefs include "'The preformation theory"' (Bowler, 2), in which it was believed that "the embryo grew from a perfectly formed miniature already present in the mother's womb ( or the father's sperm)." (Bowler, 2) Another theory was that of "'blending inheritance' in which the offspring's characters were always intermediate between those of its parents." (Bowler, 3) It was in the time of these theories that Mendel did his work, which was dismissed as stated in the story. Mendel was a monk who taught in the monastery, and he did his experiments in the garden outside the monastery while teaching as said in the book. His main focus was on the garden pea, Pisum sativum. One peculiarity of pea reproduction is that the petals of the flower close down Tightly, preventing pollen grains from entering or leaving. This enforces a system of self-fertilization, in which sperm and eggs from a particular flower Unite with each other to produce seeds. As a result, individual pee strains are Highly inbred, displaying little, if any genetic variation from one generation to The next. Because of this uniformity, we say that such strains are true-breeding. ( Snustad, 42) In his experiments, Mendel tested many different traits. Among them were the following traits and the frequencies each appeared in: Mendel was successful in his experiments, because he tested one trait at a time, as compared to other scientists who tried to follow multiple traits. This is what allowed him to be successful, although with what we know now, it is easier to follow many traits at a time. In his first set of experiments, he crossed tall varieties with dwarf varieties. To do this, He carefully removed the anthers from one variety before its pollen had matured and then applied pollen from the other variety to the stigma.
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